Archive

Archive for May, 2009

Many Uses of Massage Oils Including Pain Treatment

May 21st, 2009

Nowadays, many massage oils are used for more than just massage. While some are just oils that are easily absorbed into your skin and allow hands to glide smoothly as well as leave a smooth feel to your skin, there are a large number of others with much more to offer. A lot of them contain only natural ingredients. You often see sweet almond oil, avocado oil, and Jojoba oil commonly sold in stores. A massage oil can be used by itself or you can combine it with other oils to come up with your own favorite massage oil combination.

A lot of massage oils can be used for pain relief. These massage oils are usually blends of essential oils and other infused oils that are known to reduce pains and aches. A massage oil called Narayana Oil, for example, is supposed to heal joint pain and also body aches. This particular oil is a natural herbal infused sesame oil. Licensed massage therapists usually carry a large number of massage oils. If you have any pain or aches on your body, you can choose among a large selection of massage oils that can help you relieve your pain and aches.

Massage oils that have healing properties are more costly than just regular massage oils. Many people get a therapeutic massage after they have had a surgery, injury or a trauma of some sort. A lot of massage oils can help you with joint pains and arthritis as well as other muscle pains. Some help with muscle cramps, soreness, lupus, fibromyalgia, arthritis, sprains, hip discomfort, and more. Therapeutic and healing massage oils are usually very relaxing and soothing so when you use them, you should feel relaxed and your pain should subside.

A lot of pain results from a high level of stress. A therapeutic massage can lower your level of stress and make you more peaceful. With the worries gone or subdued, your body can heal better whatever pains and aches that are currently bothering you. Your body heals best when you are not suffering from stress.

 Mail this post

Technorati Tags: , , , , , ,

Miscellaneous Content , , , , , ,

Acupuncture Therapy

May 21st, 2009

History Of Acupuncture Therapy

The History of Acupuncture Medicine

There are many age-old medicines that have been used for thousands of years in the treatments of plenty of problems, many of these physical but there are also emotional problems that can be cured with alternative therapies. One such therapy is called acupuncture and many people believe that this is a fake therapy instituted in the Chinese culture in order to have more influence over Western society. Despite the fact that acupuncture has had great influence in Western society and here in the United States, the myth of how it started is totally incorrect. If you truly do not know how acupuncture got its start then here are a few pieces information that one should know about in order to believe that acupuncture is a real therapy:

Acupuncture Was Used Thousands of Years Ago

In an attempt to debunk any myths or disbeliefs within the field of acupuncture, this therapy was actually instituted very many centuries ago in the ancient Chinese civilizations. Necessity is the mother of invention and this explains how acupuncture developed in ancient China, which lacked any ready forms of medicine. There were no medical treatments in ancient China and chloroform didn’t exist yet so the Chinese developed their own medicines and treatments.

What were the diseases acupuncture was developed to cure when it was invented by the Chinese?

The Chinese used acupuncture to cure all sorts of common ailments like back pain and colds and this led to its use as a more general cure all for many other ailments. Acupuncture was used by the Chinese to cure just about everything that ailed them, sort of a general cure all for pain and disease. Already mentioned was the fact that acupuncture therapy was used to treat the common cold and headaches, but some of the other diseases that could easily have been cured with acupuncture when it first got started include such things as constipation, arthritis, ear aches, toothaches, as well as upset stomachs. All of these things were naturally experienced by the ancient Chinese as well as other humans throughout the world, which leads many people to believe that they were also naturally cured through the use of acupuncture.

How Did Acupuncture Spread

There are many theories as to how the introduction of acupuncture was brought to other countries throughout the world. As news spread around the world that acupuncture was a beneficial therapy, many experts on the subject introduced it to their communities and taught others how to use it. In the U.S. acupuncture hasn’t been widely accepted until recently yet its benefits have been significant.

All things considered, the history of acupuncture therapy has truly been an amazing feat that many people have called the miracle therapy that fixes everything. While the Chinese widely recognize the healing benefits of acupuncture, there still are some who don’t believe that acupuncture therapy is legit!

 Mail this post

Technorati Tags: , , , , , ,

Miscellaneous Content , , , , , ,

How To Prevent Pain Caused by Gout By Using Just Simple Home Relief Metods

May 21st, 2009

Natural Gout Treatment

It’s safe to say that the best natural gout remedies are the treatments that your grandmother used 80 or more years ago, these are valuable natural relief methods that work fast and cause no side effects. Sorry to say but, a large part of this knowledge is lost, conventional medicine doesn’t suffer opposition consequently they whatever they can to wipe out the recollection that people have another, much better, natural method of curing nearly all diseases.

Nevertheless, lately there appears to be virtually amazing return to the natural methods of medicine. If you need more information on natural gout remedies we suggest you visit this Cure Gout Now book review.

Lets take a look at some of the best natural treatments for gout:

– Ice packs – excellent for alleviating pain and reducing irritation, apply it straight the painful joints for up to ten to fifteen minutes each time, make sure not to put ice packs directly to the skin, utilize a cloth as a buffer to avoid frost bite.

– Pain medication – for my part I do not like mixing natural medicine with regular medicine, on the other hand a little ibuprofen is at times essential to help with the intense pain.

– Exercise – sometimes this could be impossible without some sort of pain medication accordingly this is one more motive for using it. Make an effort to make a full range of movement your joints permit, work out like this two to three times per day.

Also try to do daily work outs, it strengthens joints and musculature and considerably improve the way you feel.

– Apple Cider Vinegar – genuine natures miracle relief, not only is it a helpful gout treatment but it will also help with a lot of other diseases. Take 2 tbl spoons of organic apple cider vinegar 2 times per day, if it is a bit impossible to drink it blend it with a little water or honey.

– Strawberries – yummy treatment, try eating them without sugar, Perhaps one of the best natural gout treatments anyone can find, particularly for gout prevention.

– Cherries – one more tasty relief, eat them without adding sugar and drink cherry juice, works great as gout treatment, perhaps the best way to slash your uric acid levels.

– Nuts and seeds – another effective and tasty natural way to provide treatment for gout.

– Water – consume a lot of water, it is going to bring down the levels of main gout culprit – uric acid as well as help your body to eliminate harmful toxins.

– Improve your eating habits – consume more fruits and vegetables, for instance lemons, oranges and tomatoes are very stacked with bioflavonoids and vitamin C, nutritional elements very useful for reducing gout/arthritis attacks.

– Epsom Salt – use it to soak in a bath, drop two to three cups and soak in warm water for 15 to 30 minutes. 

To conclude do not delay until the ache turns unbearable, utilize a gout natural cure as soon as you become aware of initial indications.

 Mail this post

Technorati Tags: , , , , , , , , , ,

Miscellaneous Content , , , , , , , , , ,

Pain relief the natural way

May 21st, 2009

With an increasing polluted world as well as the added complexity and stress of modern life, it’s inevitable that more people nowadays are looking for ways to treat physical or psychological pain. Psychological pain is sometimes more difficult to treat than the physical ones as it involves more than just medication alone. Physical pain treatment and products are where the medical or pharmaceutical companies are pouring millions of dollars in R&D because there’s such a great demand for it and these companies would continue to make a fortune for many years to come especially if they have a reasonable good range of products

I must say that in recent years there’ve been a surge in demand for natural form of pain relief as people become more educated and informed. Natural pain relief such as herbal, massages etc are known to have less side effects as compared to pain killer pills or similar medicine. Sufferers of chronic pains eg. Back or leg pain could testify that methods such as aromatherapy and other forms of massages if done over a period of time in a consistent manner is able to relief these patients from suffering further pain in the same area. Let’s face it…I would anytime go for a relaxing body massages by trained therapist as compared popping pain killers or other chemicals into my body. Our bodies were made naturally and we should try our best to keep it that way and minimize the usage of artificial chemicals and drugs which may provide pain relief but the effects of long term prescription will only be manifested a few years down the road. So keep it natural my friend!!

Another good reason to use natural pain relief products is that the modern chemically formulated medicines have adverse effects on the body if taken long term. Well you may argue that some of the effects are known to be mild but how certain are you that the pharmaceutical companies are telling you the whole truth as their primary purpose is to make lots of money from their customers. Furthermore most of these modern medicines only provide temporary pain relief or masking the pain. Unlike the modern medicine, herbal medicines or remedies have been used for centuries and have been proved to work properly. They do not just mask the pain but able to provide lasting pain relief if administered properly. The Chinese are known for their herbal products and they have documented proof of the effectiveness of these products over the centuries and it’s now even certified as an alternative to western medicine

Natural pain relief products can be used for mild, severe as well as chronic pain conditions. Most of these natural remedies are kind to the body and do not have adverse side effects. One of the more popular herbs is menthol (widely use by the Chinese and Indians) is known to be an effective pain reliver. When applied to the problem area, menthol works on the skin nerves which results in immediate relief from pain.

The other popular natural pain relief herb is Aloe Vera which is a simple and robust plant that you can plant in your backyard. It needs little maintenance for it to grow well. Aloe Vera is know to help reduce pain and inflammation. It also speeds up the healing process and works perfectly with menthol. Apart from these two medicinal components, natural oils such as eucalyptus oil and sage oil are also used. This is especially popular for aromatherapy massages as the oil by itself has healing components. Extracts of certain fruits and herbs prove to be beneficial as well. The studies based on natural medicine determines the right combinations and proportions of these ingredients to create a highly effective natural pain relief remedy, which is also very beneficial in keeping a person in pink of health at all times. Headache is one of the most common ailment that affects millions of people globally. Chronic headache can be treated from an infusion made from elderflower, lime flowers, dried rosemary and chamomile. A more complicated cure involves taking some centaur, fever few and chamomile and boiling them in water until the liquid is reduced by half. Some rhubarb will then be added to the hot liquid. Other herbs that are used in curing headaches are angelica, basil, betony, penny royal, St John’s wort, valerian, viper’s bugloss and wintergreen.

Enough said about the natural pain remedies and I ‘m truly convince that this is the way to go for us in the future. As the world gets more polluted, we need to take care of our bodies. One way is to eat well, organic, chemical free food and the other which is harder to do sometimes is to use less of the man made chemical medicine and more of the natural form of pain relief. We need discipline to do this but if we stick by it, we would reap the rewards of better health and longer and more prosperous life in the future.

 Mail this post

Technorati Tags: , , ,

Miscellaneous Content , , ,

Arthritis Exercises To Help Reduce Joint Pain

May 21st, 2009

Studies reveal that exercise helps people with arthritis in many ways. Exercise reduces joint pain and stiffness and increases flexibility, muscle strength, cardiac fitness, and endurance.

A very important point to remember when starting an exercise program is to build up your sessions gradually, start by using small weights in a controled fashion working the muscle on both sides of the joint. We all know that beginning a program of exercises seems a daunting task but by starting off slowly and trying to make it fun you will soon reap the benefits.

Take into consideration recreational exercise. Activities like swimming, walking, t’ai chi and dancing can be a good start. Talk to friends and family and find out what facilities are available in your area. Water exercise and bicycling are also great options, because they are virtually non-impact. Water exercise is especially ideal because of water’s soothing warmth and buoyancy.

Walking is one of the easiest to do and is an extremely efficient exercise. Even slow walking is beneficial because it will help the mechanisms in your body, put you in a better mood, help with any anxiety and give you more self-esteem.

Regular exercise can make an enormous contribution towards the self-management of Arthritis. It can help you keep in a healthy weight range, improve your posture, and reduce your chance of developing osteoporosis.

Weight-bearing exercises are most effective for osteoporosis while walking, running and a gentle resistance program including hand weights provide the best results. Weight and resistance training are just two examples designed to help you achieve these goals. These exercises should only be practised on alternate days and your therapist will help design the best program for you.

Arthritis exercise videos are a great way to improve joint flexibility and controlling arthritis pain. Arthritis fitness videos are specially designed to achieve these specific goals. Exercising is one part of a comprehensive arthritis treatment plan. People with arthritis may be unfit, weaker, and less flexible and suffer more pain than necessary.

So do your utmost to help yourself by taking a little exercise. Start by creating an exercise program to suit you and ease the pain of arthritis, but please make sure you consult your Doctor or therapist before undertaking any exercise. Always better to be safe than sorry.

 Mail this post

Technorati Tags: , , , ,

Miscellaneous Content , , , ,

Rheumatoid Arthritis Alternative Treatment

May 21st, 2009

What can a Rheumatoid arthritis patient do to minimize their inflammation and pain increase their functionality and not harm themselves or any of their vital organs in the process? With all of the rheumatoid arthritis relief products that seem to always come out to hit the local drug store shelves it can be hard to imagine that there are still people who have not yet been able to find something that will take away the pain and suffering that they are experiencing on a daily basis. For those who have spent years and years looking for something that is going to do the trick and coming up with nothing, a natural pain relief for rheumatoid arthritis plan may be something that is extremely appealing.

Natural rheumatoid arthritis relief is nothing new as there have been people using home remedies for things like this for many years. Pharmaceutical companies desperatly are searching for cures or at least a remedy for symptoms of diseases, but for many years before there exsistance man was utalizing natural resouces to combat sickness. Yes, it is very likely that there is a natural remedies that will provide arthritis joint relief for the many that suffer. Not all arthritis relief products deliver what they promise just like pharmaceutical drugs, the only difference is natural products are not man made with the numerous warnings if you decide to take their medication. Just say no to the outside noise that says surrender, the battle is not over you will discover how.

Where To Find The Ideas

When it comes to trying to figure out the various natural arthritis relief plans out there that people have found useful, it is important to make sure that you are looking in the right places. A lot of people find advice from friends and family useful but you never want to ingest anything until you have properly researched it. You just never know what combination of things could turn deadly or give you an allergic reaction, even though the person giving the advice on natural rheumatoid arthritis relief was just doing so out of the kindness of their heart.

Check out the different books on natural cures as there should be a decent amount of information in there regarding arthritis relief. Don’t mix and match products and hope a roulette of supplements are going to work. It is important that you allow each method the chance and time to work. Most products take at least two or three weeks to show any difference within you body, give it time. You will want to give the natural arthritis relief that you try at least a couple of weeks to see if it can really do the trick for you.

 

 Mail this post

Technorati Tags: , ,

Miscellaneous Content , ,

Case Study Reveals Pain Relief Using Thought Field Therapy

May 21st, 2009

Dr. Robert Pasahow Talks About Using Thought Field Therapy (TFT) to Treat Physical Pain


Safe, Pain Relief with Thought Field Therapy (TFT)

Wall Street Journal article says “Top Pain Scientist Fabricated Data in Studies, Hospital Says”

“The anesthesiologist allegedly faked data in 21 studies on the use of various painkillers, including Vioxx”.

Pain is the most common reason older adults, age 65 and older, visit their doctor. The older adult population is rapidly increasing as the baby boomers age.

Pain is often considered by experts to be a silent epidemic in the United States. In the U.S., an estimated 50 million people suffer from chronic pain caused by a disorder, disease or accident.  An additional 25 million people suffer acute pain resulting from surgery or accidents.

The loss of productivity in the workplace due to pain is a burden on both companies and families. In a study done in 2000 it was reported that 36 million Americans missed work in the previous year due to pain and that 83 million indicated that pain affected their participation in various activities.1

From these statistics it is clear that pain and its treatment is a major problem confronting our modern culture. A survey done by the American Pain Society2 in 1999 revealed that more than 40% of people suffering moderate to severe pain were unable to find adequate pain relief.

Inadequate pain relief is one of the top reasons people experience a reduced quality of life.Increasing anxiety is yet another reason for diminishing quality of life.The medications for both pain and anxiety are usually toxic, leading to many complications and side-effects, even death.  Individuals on blood thinners can’t even take most medications for physical pain and are left with little or no option for their pain relief. 

Thought Field Therapy (TFT) is a little-known, but highly effective, drug-free and non-invasive way to reduce or eliminate even chronic pain without the risk of medications.  TFT was discovered and developed by California clinical psychologist, Dr. Roger Callahan.  It works with nature’s healing system combining the acupressure meridian system and modern psychology.   

With the known risks of painkillers, the fraud appearing regularly in the studies of these painkillers, suggesting unknown risks, we need to help pain sufferers learn and use safer methods for managing pain.

3Researchers at Oxford University in the United Kingdom have found that the anxiety caused by the anticipation or experience of pain makes the perceived level of pain much worse.  This often leads to the addition of anxiety medications, which have their own set of risks and side-effects.  TFT effectively reduces or eliminates anticipatory anxiety in addition to reducing the pain

Length of relief from pain, per occurrence, is also important to the sufferer.  In a 4study, TFT provided longer relief than that experienced from pain medications.  (a free copy of this study is available on www.TFTRX.com).

5Statistically significant results were obtained with all problems and symptoms treated with TFT in a study at Kaiser Behavioral Health Services.  These problems  included anxiety, depression, alcohol abuse, anger, anxiety due to medical condition, bereavement, and chronic pain along with others.

“When I observe a number of suffering patients who did not respond to our usual treatment modalities, suddenly get better after TFT treatments are given, I don’t need a double-blind controlled study to tell me the value of Callahan Techniques® TFT.” 
James McKoy, MD, Chief, Pain Clinic, Chief, Rheumatology Service, Assistant Chief, Neuroscience Department    

Pain relief can be one of the most important means for improving the quality of life for thousands of people.  Those suffering with chronic diseases such as arthritis, cancer, heart disease or fybromyalgia can use TFT in addition to their medications to reduce the risk associated with continued medication use and to enhance their effect.

It makes sense that we use a natural, risk-free process to relieve and manage pain first, before spending large sums of money for medications with known side-effects and risks. 

To learn more about this safe alternative for pain management, visit www.TFTRX.com, Self-Help Products, TFT and Health Series.  The study mentioned above is available as a free download.

 ###

1. Pain in America: A Research Report, Survey conducted for Merck by the Gallup Organization, 2000.
2. Chronic Pain in America: Roadblocks to Relief, survey conducted for the American Pain Society, The American Academy of Pain Medicine and Janssen Pharmaceutica,1999.
3. Plonghaus, A., Tracey, I., Gati, J. S., Clare, S., Menon, R. S., Matthews, P. M., & Rawlins, J. N. (1999). Dissociating pain from its anticipation in the human brain. Science, 284(5422), 1979-81.
4. Thought Field Therapy and Pain, by Robert Pasahow, PhD, in The Thought Field, Volume 11, Issue 2,  
5. Thought Field Therapy Clinical Applications: Utilization in an HMO in Behavioral Medicine and Behavioral Health Services, Kaiser Behavioral Health Services, Sakai, Caroline, et al., J Clinical

 Mail this post

Technorati Tags: , , , , , , ,

Miscellaneous Content , , , , , , ,

What If there Seems to Be No Treatment For Your Type of Headache

May 10th, 2009

If you suffer from headaches that last for days then you’ll understand that discovering relief from this type of headache is very difficult.

What causes this type of headache?
The causes of headaches are very confusing.  A headache is often a symptom of your lifestyle, so solving the headache can be able making small adjustments in your life which will reduce the frequency of your headaches.

Treatments for the type of headache which hangs around
There are many headache treatments available at your supermarket and also at your local pharmacies, but what is actually worth taking?  In reality the best medication to take is a form of pain relief.  Then you need to drink water, and I don’t mean gulp a glass of water with the pills.  I am talking about rehydrating your body.  Some experts believe that as many as ninety five per cent of headaches are a result of dehydration.  To rehydrate your body you need to drink a little water all the time.  You need to constantly have a glass or bottle of water and be aiming to take a sip every twenty minuets.  If you use a lip balm for chapped lips you should notice the frequency with which you need to apply the lip balm reduce as you become more hydrated.  Chapped and dried lips are a sign that your body is craving water.

The type of headache which stays around for days will unfortunately not be cured by simply drinking water.  The other important factor in this type of headache is stress and tension.  If you are stressed or tense the muscles in your shoulders and neck will often contract and make you stiff.  This muscle contraction will affect the blood circulation around the base of your skull and hence around your head.  If you are suffering from the type of headache which lingers and niggles you for days at a time it could be a combination of dehydration and stress.

So how do you remove stress from your life?
It sounds simple, you cut out the stress and you reduce your headache.  In the current climate, it seems that the stress levels are always on the increase.  Reducing stress is about keeping the worries in their place and not letting them control every aspect of your lift.It is very hard to do this while you are troubled from headaches, shoulder and neck pain and the associated exhaustion.  A good place to start is to try to loosen up the shoulder and neck area which will start to reduce the headache and hopefully help to get a better quality of sleep.  Since we can’t all go out and have a massage at the end of every day you need to solve the problem closer to home, without expense.A good start is a bath at the end of the day then rolling your shoulders and head to loosen up the muscles.  Sometimes a hot water bottle under the neck at the end of the day can also help.

So, although there is not necessarily a pain relief for your type of headache, there are still simple steps you can take to control both the pain and the frequency of your headaches.

 Mail this post

Technorati Tags:

Miscellaneous Content

Joint Pain Can Be Reduced You Can Reduce Inflammation And Have More Mobility

May 10th, 2009

You reach your 50s and it should be the best time of your life, the children are grown up, you have less ties, you’re not old yet but you’re not that young either. Having trouble getting out of the chair, feeling stiff? suddenly you realise that for the next 30 years you might not be so mobile after all.

You might have arthritis, which affects people of all races, social levels, geographic areas and gender. Arthritis symptoms are pain, stiffness and swelling in the joints, Osteoarthritis is the most common type which affects the knees.

You will probably have heard about arthritis and associated it with older people with lots of aches and pains. There are many things about arthritis, however, that make it a unique, and yes, painful disease. Not only confined to the old Arthritis can affect all ages including children.

It’s down to wear and tear and as the protective cartilage is worn away bare bone is then exposed within the joint, causing pain and swelling. It is refered to as wear-and-tear arthritis or degenerative joint disease.

Rheumatologists and physicians who diagnose and treat arthritis and related conditions, use a variety of diagnostic techniques, so it is very imprtant to consult one. Usually the first step is to go thorough your history and then have a physical examination, the doctor will ask questions about your symptoms and medical history to learn about any family history of arthritis.

Arthritis Care

You should take regular exercise as this helps to strengthen muscles and maintain joint mobility, not easy if you find it hard to get around. An easier form of exercise is swimming, as it takes the strain off the muscles and joints, strengthening them at the same time.

Physical therapy programs are another option, these should be tailored to your age level and the degree of mobility that you have. Take a hot shower before exercise and apply ice packs to muscles and joints to minimize any discomfort related to exercise.

You should get at least eight hours sleep at night, to help your arthritis, and your rheumatologist might advise you to use a splint, sling or cane, and or special footwear to rest the affected joints during the day.

Try a natural formula designed to shield your joints from the trials and results of working hard and playing hard and painful arthritic joints.

 

 Mail this post

Technorati Tags: , , , , ,

Miscellaneous Content , , , , ,

Cures For Gout.

May 10th, 2009

Cures For Gout.

When it comes to gout, many people find that they are suffering with something that they do not know a lot about. Before you can really take advantage of any cures for gout, it is important to make sure that you know what you are dealing with. By making sure that you fully understand what you are up against, you will be better equipped to handle the situation and to find relief.

Gout is a form of arthritis and it occurs when there is too much of a build up of uric acid within the body. The extra build up of the uric acid can lead to kidney stones, sharp deposits of crystallized uric acid in the joints, and lumps under the skin called tophi, which simply put is nothing more then deposits of the uric acid under the skin.

Where Gout Attacks

If has been found that most people find that their first attacks of pain comes from the big toe. The big toe seems to be the place where the uric acid crystals seem to form first. Upon first glance, it is easy to see that the toe is swollen, red, extremely sore, and warm to the touch. It will also be very stiff as gout can cause extreme stiffness in the various joints throughout the body.

The typical areas that are affected are:

·Toes

·Fingers

·Elbows

·Wrists

·Knees

·Ankles

·Insteps

·Heels

The pain can come and go. Some people will experience symptoms every day while others will find that they have attacks only every couple of months.

How To Treat Gout

Cures for gout do vary and what may work for one person may not always work for another. This is why it is so important to make sure that you are doing everything you can in order to make sure that you are taking care of your pain.

The first thing you want to do is to stay healthy. Eat a balanced diet and make sure that you are drinking a lot of water such as eight glasses a day. Make sure that you are also avoiding foods that have a high amount of purines. It is also important to make sure that you are maintaining a healthy weight. If you need to go on a diet, make sure that it is a healthy one as super fast weight loss can actually increase the levels of uric acid in the blood which will make the situation harder for you to deal with.

The next thing to remember is that you need to give your treatment for gout time to work. Too many people find that they become frustrated and simply give up because they are not getting the results they want as quickly as they would like. While the pain can be hard to deal with at times, it is important to make sure that you are sticking with your treatment so that you can finally get the rest you deserve.

Make sure that you are sticking with a cure for gout treatment that is proven to work and you will be on the right track. In no time at all you will find that the pain from gout is nothing more than a distant memory.

 Mail this post

Technorati Tags: ,

Miscellaneous Content ,